Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive test that measures the magnetic fields produced by the electrical currents in the brain. This procedure is utilized by healthcare providers to map brain function and accurately pinpoint the source of epilepsy-related seizures.
The MEG test is performed externally, without any needles, incisions, or exposure to radiation (X-rays), making it a painless procedure. It represents the most advanced method available for recording and evaluating brain activity.
MEG scanners have proven highly effective in detecting various neurological issues, including brain tumors, epilepsy, dementia, sclerosis, and pain perception. One of its unique features is the ability to detect neuromagnetic impulses passing through the skull and scalp without distortion. Recent advancements in computer hardware and technologies have further fueled interest in these devices.
Types of Magnetoencephalographies
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
SQUID is a highly sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely weak magnetic fields. It employs superconducting loops with Josephson junctions. SQUID is the most widely used device in magnetoencephalography due to its high spatial resolution, the capability of examining non-conductive materials, and deeper penetration depths.
Additionally, the increasing need for SQUIDs is because of their ability to operate with low magnetic fields, allowing for greater scanning distances and the identification of weak magnetic fields.
Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPM)
OPM-MEG is a newer type of MEG instrumentation with several advantages over conventional scanners. These advantages include higher signal sensitivity, improved spatial resolution, more uniform coverage, participant mobility during scanning, and reduced system complexity.
OPMs have become sensitive enough for use in MEG, solving operational issues associated with standard MEG devices that use SQUID gradiometers and magnetometers. The key advantage of OPMs is their independence from cryogenics for cooling, allowing for closer placement to the scalp and easier usage. The demand for OPMs is also rising steadily.
Clinical Vs. Research Application of Magnetoencephalography
In clinical practice, the most common use of MEG is for the presurgical mapping of epilepsy. This involves characterizing and localizing epileptic discharges and mapping the normally functioning eloquent cortex concerning the epileptic discharges. Essential areas, like the somatosensory, language cortices, and motor, can be detected effectively by MEG, even in challenging cases involving sulcal walls.
In research, MEG is extensively used to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies have successfully classified patients with conditions such as multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, chronic alcoholism, facial pain, and Sjogren's syndrome, differentiating them from healthy subjects. This suggests a potential future role of MEG in diagnostics.
The clinical application of MEG is currently more prevalent than its research usage due to the rising incidence of brain-related disorders, particularly epilepsy, and dementia. MEG's ability to provide precise results with high temporal and spatial resolution makes it especially valuable in clinical settings.
As neurological diseases and disorders become more prevalent, the demand for better imaging devices, particularly MEG, is on the rise. This trend is due to the increasing cases of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, a growing elderly population, and enhanced awareness among patients and healthcare professionals. The demand for magnetoencephalography will reach a value of USD 426 million by the end of this decade.
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